Conocimiento de la enfermera sobre el procedimiento de diálisis peritoneal con bolsa gemela / Nurses knowledge about peritoneal dialysis procedure with twin bag

Objetivo: Describir el nivel de conocimiento del personal de enfermería sobre el procedimiento de diálisis peritoneal con bolsa gemela. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal, con un instrumento de evaluación de conocimiento teórico de diálisis peritoneal a 110 enfermeras seleccionadas al azar en las categorías directivo 7, especialista 10, generales 57 y auxiliares 36; y una lista de cotejo para evaluar a 53 enfermeras en habilidades y destrezas en el cambio de bolsa gemela. Resultados: El conocimiento fue muy bueno en 33%, bueno 59% y malo 9%. No se encontró diferencias en el nivel de conocimiento por categorías, turno, antigüedad ni escuela de procedencia, así como asistencia a sesiones de capacitación. El grado de conocimiento se asoció al antecedente de haber realizado cambio de bolsa, turno y tiempo de laborar en diálisis peritoneal. De los 53 participantes se obtuvo una calificación media de 60.8 de un máximo de 80 puntos con un nivel regular en la destreza para el procedimiento de cambio de bolsa gemela. Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento del procedimiento de diálisis peritoneal se considera bueno, sin embargo su habilidad para el cambio es regular, no encontramos correlación entre el nivel de conocimiento y la destreza. Influye más para el conocimiento teórico y práctico el haber laborado en el servicio de diálisis y/o haber realizado cambio de línea, que la capacitación otorgada en sesiones.

Objective: To describe nursing staff's knowledge level about peritoneal dialysis procedure with twin bag. Methodology: A transversal study was done, with an instrument to assess theoretical knowledge about peritoneal dialysis to 110 randomly selected nurses within the categories: executive 7, specialized 10, professional 57, and assistant 36. Also, a check list was done to evaluate 53 nurses in abilities and skills for changing the twin bag. Results: Knowledge was 33% very good, 59% good and 9% bad. It were not found differences in the knowledge level neither by categories, shift, length in the job, nor source school, as well as attendance to sessions of training. Knowledge level was associated to the antecedent of having changed the bag, time shift, and length of being working on peritoneal dialysis. From 53 participants, it was obtained an average score of 60.8 out of 80 points, with a regular level in the skill to do the procedure to change the twin bag. Conclusions: The knowledge level of peritoneal dialysis procedure is considered as good; however, the ability for changing the bag is evaluated as regular. It was not found correlation between knowledge level and skill. For the theoretical and practical knowledge, having worked in the dialysis service and having done the change of the line influenced more than having received training in sessions.

Frecuencias de grupos sanguíneos e incompatibilidades ABO y RhD, en La Paz, Baja California Sur, México / Blood group frequencies and ABO and RhD incompatibilities in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico

OBJECTIVE: To determine genic and phenotypic frequencies and predict the risk of incompatibility and maternal alloimmunization in the population of La Paz. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This descriptive study evaluated 1809 voluntary blood donors attending in 1998 the Hospital General de Zona of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Zone General Hospital of the Mexican Institute of Social Security) in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Blood donors were typified by tube agglutination. The gene frequencies were estimated assuming equilibrium conditions, and incompatibilities and alloimmunization were statistically assessed with the chi 2 test. RESULTS: Percent frequencies were as follows: blood group O, 58.49; A, 31.40; B, 8.40; AB, 1.71; RhD, 95.36; and RhD negative, 4.64. Genic frequencies were: i, 0.7648; IA, 0.1821; IB, 0.0519; D, 0.7845; and d, 0.2155, respectively. Incompatibilities between couples and mother-child were 0.3023 and 0.1685 for ABO, 0.0442 and 0.0364 for RhD, and 0.0134 and 0.0061 for double incompatibility, respectively. The probability of maternal alloimmunization was estimated at 0.0309. CONCLUSIONS: The O and RhD groups were the most common in La Paz, although frequencies were among the lowest in Mexico, contrary to the case of A and RhD negative groups. The probabilities of maternal alloimmunization and of incompatibilities were also high. Ancestral white, black, and indigenous groups admixed in the northwestern part of Mexico; after migrating to Baja California Sur the admixture of the population probably became similar to that of the remainder of the northwestern area.

Superoxide dismutase and Naproxen in the very late phase of carrageenan induced edema in rats / Peróxido dismutasa y Naproxen en fase muy tardía de edema inducido por carragenina en ratas

Introducción. El modelo de edema inducido por carragenina (EIC) en la pata de la rata es ampliamente utilizado para estudiar el efecto antiinflamatorio de drogas. Clásicamente consta de dos etapas de reacción inflamatoria, sin embargo se ha observado una tercera poco caracterizada. La superóxido dismutasa (SOD) es una enzima eliminadora de radicales libres de oxígeno con actividad antiinflamatoria. En nuestro país no contamos con un instrumento especialmente diseñado para evaluar el edema en EIC. Métodos. Se indujo edema a la pata de la rata mediante la aplicación intraplantar de carragenina. Se formaron cuatro grupos: placebo, dos distintas dosis de SOD y Naproxen©. Se evaluó el edema utilizando un pletismógrafo de mercurio especialmente diseñado. La intensidad de la reacción inflamatoria se determinó durante las fases clásicas temprana y tardía y durante una tercera fase muy tardía. Resultados. Todos los tratamientos tuvieron efecto antiinflamatorio durante la fase temprana, tardía y muy tardía, a excepción de la dosis alta de SOD durante la primera fase. El Naproxen© fue superior que la SOD durante las dos primeras fases, sin embargo esta diferencia desapareció en la fase muy tardía. En términos de bases equimolares la enzima parece ser 1,800 veces más potente que el Naproxen©. El pletismógrafo de mercurio funcionó adecuadamente. Conclusiones. La SOD y el Naproxen© tienen efecto antiinflamatorio el cual se extiende hasta la fase muy tardía del modelo de EIC. La actividad antiinflamatoria de la enzima se debe a un mecanismo suplementario a la capacidad eliminadora de radicales libres de oxígeno. La SOD puede ser utilizada como fuente alternativa en enfermedades inflamatorias.

Effect of superoxide dismutase from bovine erithrocytes on different activity parameters in Ajuvant-Induced arthritis

Background. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on primary swelling, lipoperoxidation, body thymus, and spleen weight in the adjuvants-induced arthritis (AIA) model in rats. Methods. Orally and intraperitoneally administered SOD (100 U/kg) from bovine erythrocytes, as well as naproxen (40 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (25 mg/kg), were evaluated againts placebo. Results. Primary edema was not decreased by SOD; in contrast, naproxen and dexamethasone showed good anti-inflammatory activity. Lipoperoxidation increased 1.8, 2.5, and 2.8 times with intraperitoneal SOD, naproxen, and dexamethasone administration, respectively, while oral SOD decreased lipoperoxidation levels to approximately one-half of that found in the control group. Body weight increased with SOD but decreased with dexamethasone. Naproxen did not change the animal weight. Thymus weight remained unchanged with SOD and naproxen, while it decreased with dezamethasone. Splee weight remained the same wih SOD, but increased with naproxen and decreased with dezamethasone. No side of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and 50 percent of the rats in the dexamethasone group, of pulmonary infection. Conclusions. In conclusion, SOD showed no anti-inflammatory activity but decreased lipoperoxidation when administered orally. No deleterious effects in primary and secondary immunologic organs were observed with this agent

Anti-Inflammatory activity od debaryomyces hansenii Cu, Zn-SOD

Background. Cu,Zn-superoxide-dismutase, Cu,Zn-SOD, can be obtained from different sources with different anti-inflammatory activities. In this study we compared the antiinflammatory capacity of the marine yeast Debaryomyces hanseii Cu,Zn-SOD (Dh-SOD) with that of bovine erythrocytes (Be-SOD) in preventive an a therapeutic fashion. Methods. Edema was induced by carrageenan injection into the rat hind paw and was evaluated using a mercury plethysmograph. Development of the inflammatory process was followed by volume displacement at time 0 (carrageenan injection), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h thereafter. Three different SOD doses were used in preliminary experiments to prevent edema: 10, 100, and U/kg. Results. The results indicate that, at the lowest dose (10 U/kg), both SOD samples are effective in reducing inflammation in both the prostaglandin and amplification phases (-24.8 percent and -17.5 percent in the case of Be-SOD, and 11.8 percent and -18.7 percent in the case of Dh-SOD, respectively) (p<0.05). At 100 U/kg, Be-SOD also shows good anti-inflammatory activity in all edema phases (-27.1 percent in the serotonin phase; -19.4 percent in the prostaglandin phase; and -20 percent in the amplification phase) (p<0.05), but Dh-SOD was less effective (-10.9 percent, -9.1 percent, and -5.7 percent). At the highest dose tested (1000 U/kg), Dh-SOD was, again more effective than Be-SOD in all three edema phases (-33.1 percent and -1.5 percent; -17.9 percent and -2.6 percent; and -13.8 percent and 6.7 percent, respectively) (p >0.05). When evaluated as a therapeutic alternative, single doses of DH-SOD at 1,000 U/kg, and Be-SOD at 100 U/kg, both showed good anti-inflammatory activities (-31.7 percent and -23.5 percent, respectively) (p < 0.05). Conclusion. For therapy purposes alone, DH-SOD appears to be a better anti-inflammatory agent than Be-SOD in carrageenan-induced edema